International Journal of Functional Research in Arts and Humanities (IJFRAH)
The International Journal of Functional Research in Arts and Humanities (IJFRAH) is an open-source, peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to fostering innovative, interdisciplinary research in the fields of arts and humanities.
EXPLORING READING-INDUCED ANXIETY AMONG UNDERGRADUATES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA: IMPLICATION FOR MALADAPTIVE TEST ENGAGEMENT
Reading-induced anxiety, a pervasive yet understudied phenomenon, significantly impacts academic performance and psychological well-being among undergraduates. This study explores the prevalence, predictors, and implications of reading-induced anxiety on maladaptive test engagement among 400 undergraduates in Cross River State, Nigeria. Using a cross-sectional survey design, primary data were collected via the Reading-Induced Anxiety Scale (RIAS) and the Test Engagement Inventory (TEI). Findings reveal that 48.5% of participants experienced moderate to severe reading-induced anxiety, with females and younger students reporting higher levels. Academic level and faculty type showed no significant correlation with anxiety, but high anxiety levels were strongly associated with maladaptive test engagement behaviors, such as procrastination and avoidance (r = .62, p < .01). The Cognitive Interference Theory and Self-Regulation Model provided theoretical grounding, highlighting how anxiety disrupts cognitive resources and test preparation. Demographic factors, including gender and socioeconomic status, significantly predicted anxiety levels. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral strategies and reading support programs, to mitigate anxiety and enhance test engagement. Recommendations include integrating anxiety management workshops into university curricula and fostering supportive academic environments. Future research should explore longitudinal effects and cultural influences on reading-induced anxiety.
Reading-induced anxiety, maladaptive test engagement, undergraduates, cognitive interference, self-regulation
Copyright (c) 2025 Mary John Ubi (Author)
THE IMPACT OF ADVANCED COMPUTER HARDWARE ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES IN VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
The rapid evolution of digital technologies has transformed educational delivery, particularly in virtual learning environments (VLEs). This study investigates the impact of advanced computer hardware on student learning outcomes in VLEs within Cross River State, Nigeria. Utilizing a quantitative approach, data were collected through structured questionnaires from 548 secondary school students across 11 schools in Akamkpa Local Government Area during the 2023/2024 academic session. The findings reveal that advanced hardware, such as high-speed processors and increased RAM, significantly enhances student engagement, academic performance, and digital literacy, with a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.62, p < 0.05). However, challenges like poor internet connectivity and limited hardware access in rural areas hinder optimal outcomes. Demographic analysis indicates equitable benefits across gender but disparities based on socioeconomic status. The study underscores the need for infrastructural improvements and equitable resource distribution to maximize the potential of advanced hardware in VLEs. Recommendations include government investment in ICT infrastructure and teacher training to optimize technology integration. This research contributes to the discourse on digital transformation in education, particularly in developing contexts.
Advanced computer hardware, virtual learning environments, student learning outcomes, Cross River State, digital literacy, ICT integration
Copyright (c) 2025 Favour Austine Oka (Author)
LEVERAGING SYSTEMS ANALYSIS STRATEGIES (SAS) FOSTER MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT IN POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION (PPE): A BACKGROUND STUDY OF CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study explores the application of Systems Analysis Strategies (SAS) to enhance mathematics achievement in post-primary education (PPE) in Cross River State, Nigeria. SAS, a structured approach to problem-solving and decision-making, was employed to address systemic challenges in mathematics education, including instructional inefficiencies, resource constraints, and student engagement. Using a mixed-methods design, primary data were collected through questionnaires, Mathematics Achievement Tests (MAT), and focus group discussions with 600 Junior Secondary School (JSS) students and 60 teachers across six schools in Calabar Municipality. Findings reveal that SAS, particularly through problem-based learning and feedback loops, significantly improved students’ mathematics performance (p < .05) and engagement. Demographic analysis indicated no significant gender-based differences, but urban students outperformed rural peers due to better access to resources. The study highlights the potential of SAS to optimize teaching processes and foster a conducive learning environment. Recommendations include integrating SAS into teacher training and scaling resource allocation to rural schools. This research underscores the transformative potential of systems thinking in addressing educational challenges in developing contexts.
Systems Analysis Strategies, Mathematics Achievement, Post-Primary Education, Problem-Based Learning, Feedback Loops.
Copyright (c) 2025 Inyang Danie Ofem (Author)
HARNESSING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS TO FOSTER SUSTAINABLE ACCOUNTING PRACTICES WITHIN NIGERIAN BUSINESS ECOSYSTEMS: USING CROSS RIVER AS STUDY AREA
The integration of technological innovations into accounting practices is pivotal for fostering sustainability in Nigeria’s dynamic business ecosystems. This study investigates how technologies such as cloud accounting, blockchain, and artificial intelligence (AI) can enhance sustainable accounting practices in Cross River State, Nigeria, a region marked by diverse economic activities and environmental priorities. Employing a mixed-methods approach, primary data were collected via surveys and interviews with 200 accountants and business managers from 50 firms in Calabar and Ugep. Findings indicate that cloud accounting improves efficiency and transparency, blockchain enhances financial security, and AI streamlines data analysis, yet challenges like high implementation costs and limited digital literacy persist. Demographic analysis reveals participants were 55% male and 45% female, predominantly aged 25–40, with varying technology adoption levels. The study highlights the need for tailored training, policy support, and infrastructure investment to align technological advancements with sustainable development goals. Recommendations include fostering public-private partnerships, subsidizing technology adoption, and embedding sustainability metrics in accounting curricula. This research positions Cross River State as a potential model for sustainable accounting in Nigeria, contributing to global discourse on technology-driven financial practices.
Technological Innovations, Sustainable Accounting, Cloud Accounting, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence
Copyright (c) 2025 Francis Ubi Ntum (Author)
FINANCIAL HEALTH AND SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN CROSS RIVER STATE NIGERIA: DOES STRATEGIC INVENTORY MATTER?
This study investigates the nexus between strategic inventory management and the financial health of small businesses in Cross River State, Nigeria. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, primary data were collected from 300 small business owners across various sectors in Calabar Metropolis and other urban centers. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between effective inventory management practices and financial performance, with businesses employing strategic inventory techniques reporting higher profitability and liquidity. Demographic analysis indicates that younger entrepreneurs and those with higher education levels are more likely to adopt advanced inventory practices. The study underscores the critical role of inventory optimization in mitigating financial distress and enhancing business sustainability in resource-constrained settings. Recommendations include targeted training programs on inventory management and policy support for small businesses to access affordable inventory management systems. These insights contribute to the discourse on small business development in developing economies, emphasizing the need for strategic operational practices to bolster financial resilience.
Financial health, small business development, strategic inventory management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael Patrick Onen (Author)
MEASURING ADMINISTRATIVE SKILLS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION IN CROSS RIVER STATE
Effective local government administration is pivotal for grassroots development, yet administrative skills deficits often undermine service delivery in Nigeria. This study measures administrative skills among local government personnel in Cross River State, Nigeria, focusing on leadership, communication, financial management, and ICT proficiency. Employing a descriptive survey design, data were collected through the Administrative Skills Assessment Questionnaire (ASAQ) from 250 local government employees across five local government areas (LGAs) in Cross River State. The sample comprised administrators, clerks, and technical staff, with 60% male and 40% female participants. Findings reveal that 68% of respondents demonstrated moderate leadership skills, while only 45% were proficient in ICT. Financial management skills were notably weak, with 55% scoring below average due to limited training. Key barriers include inadequate professional development (78%) and resource constraints (65%). Rural LGAs reported lower skill levels compared to urban areas (t = 3.87, p < 0.05). The study underscores the need for targeted capacity-building programs to enhance administrative efficiency. Recommendations include regular training workshops, ICT integration, and partnerships with educational institutions to bolster skills. By addressing these gaps, local governments in Cross River State can improve governance and service delivery, fostering sustainable development.
Administrative Skills, Local Government, Leadership, ICT proficiency, Capacity Building
Copyright (c) 2025 Ikpi Raymond Ubi (Author)
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION: INTEGRATING SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Architectural education in Nigeria faces the challenge of aligning with global sustainability imperatives while addressing local socio-environmental contexts. This study explores innovative pedagogical approaches to integrating sustainability and green design principles within architectural education in Cross River State, Nigeria. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, primary data were collected through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 150 participants, including students, educators, and practicing architects. The findings reveal a high awareness of sustainability (78.6%) but limited practical application due to outdated curricula, insufficient faculty training, and resource constraints. Innovative strategies, such as experiential learning, community-led design studios, and integration of African architectural traditions, were identified as effective in fostering sustainable design thinking. Demographic analysis indicates a youthful participant pool (68% aged 18–30), with a gender distribution of 62% male and 38% female, reflecting the region’s educational trends. The study proposes a framework for curriculum reform, emphasizing interdisciplinary collaboration, digital tools like Building Information Modeling (BIM), and context-driven sustainability studios. These findings contribute to the discourse on sustainable architectural pedagogy in developing nations, offering actionable recommendations for educators and policymakers.
Architectural education, sustainability, green design, experiential learning, curriculum reform
Copyright (c) 2025 Nnanna Otu Ikpi (Author)
EXPLORING THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING ON THE PERFORMANCE METRICS OF CONSUMER GOODS FIRMS IN NIGERIA
Fair value accounting (FVA) has emerged as a pivotal framework in financial reporting, promising enhanced transparency but introducing volatility in performance metrics. This study investigates the dynamic effects of FVA on the financial performance of consumer goods firms in Nigeria, a sector critical to the nation’s economy. Using a mixed-methods approach, primary data were collected via surveys and interviews from 120 financial managers and accountants across 30 consumer goods firms in Lagos and Abuja. Findings reveal that FVA improves asset valuation accuracy and investor confidence but increases earnings volatility, impacting key performance metrics like return on assets (ROA) and earnings per share (EPS). Demographic analysis shows participants were 65% male, 35% female, predominantly aged 30–45, with 70% holding advanced accounting qualifications. Challenges include high implementation costs, technical complexity, and market illiquidity, particularly in Nigeria’s volatile economy. The study advocates for tailored training, robust valuation models, and regulatory support to mitigate FVA’s adverse effects. This research contributes to the discourse on FVA’s applicability in emerging markets, offering a framework for aligning accounting practices with firm performance. Recommendations include capacity building and collaboration with regulatory bodies to enhance FVA adoption.
Fair Value Accounting, Consumer Goods Firms, Financial Performance, Performance Metrics, Earnings Volatility
Copyright (c) 2025 Chinedu Temple Igwe (Author)
EXPLORING DIGITAL DISTRUST AND E-PAYMENT ADOPTION AMONG RURAL ADULTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF FINTECH DEVELOPMENT
This study investigates the interplay between digital distrust and the adoption of electronic payment (e-payment) systems among rural adults in Cross River State, Nigeria, and its implications for fintech development. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 200 rural adults through surveys and interviews to assess perceptions of trust, security, ease of use, and social influence on e-payment adoption. Findings reveal that high levels of digital distrust, driven by concerns over security (M = 3.8, SD = 0.9) and privacy (M = 3.6, SD = 1.0), significantly hinder e-payment adoption (β = -0.45, p < 0.01). Demographic analysis indicates that younger adults (18–30 years, 60%) and those with higher education (tertiary, 45%) exhibit greater trust in e-payments. Qualitative insights highlight cultural and infrastructural barriers, such as unreliable internet (80%) and limited digital literacy (65%). The study aligns with the Technology Acceptance Model, extending it to include trust as a critical factor in rural contexts. Recommendations include targeted digital literacy programs, enhanced cybersecurity measures, and community-based trust-building initiatives to foster e-payment adoption. These findings contribute to fintech development strategies by emphasizing the need to address distrust and infrastructure gaps to promote financial inclusion in rural Nigeria, supporting Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 10.
Digital Distrust, E-Payment Adoption, Fintech, Financial Inclusion, Technology Acceptance Model
Copyright (c) 2025 Eyibio Okon Ikpe (Author)
PREVALENCE OF TRADITIONAL NEWS MEDIA DISTRUST IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the prevalence of distrust in traditional news media among residents of Cross River State, Nigeria, exploring its demographic correlates and underlying factors. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, primary data were collected from 384 participants across urban and rural communities using stratified random sampling. Findings reveal a significant level of distrust, with 62.5% of respondents expressing skepticism toward traditional media due to perceived bias, sensationalism, and political influence. Younger respondents (18–35 years) and those with higher education exhibited greater distrust, while urban residents reported slightly higher skepticism than rural counterparts. The study is grounded in the Media Dependency Theory, which posits that reliance on media shapes perceptions of credibility. Results highlight the growing influence of social media as an alternative information source, exacerbating distrust in traditional outlets. Recommendations include enhancing media transparency, fostering community engagement, and promoting media literacy to rebuild trust. This study contributes to understanding media distrust in a developing context, with implications for journalism and democratic processes in Nigeria.
Media distrust, traditional news media, Media Dependency Theory, media literacy, social media
Copyright (c) 2025 Ewa Mabel Ebri (Author)
EXAMINING PRE-RETIREMENT ANXIETY AMONG LOCAL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA: A SURVEY-BASED STUDY
Retirement represents a significant life transition, often accompanied by anxiety stemming from uncertainties about financial security, social identity, and lifestyle changes. This study examines pre-retirement anxiety among local government employees in Cross River State, Nigeria, employing a survey-based approach to explore its prevalence, contributing factors, and demographic correlates. A cross-sectional design was utilized, with data collected from 450 local government employees nearing retirement (within five years) using the Nigerian Pre-Retirement Anxiety Scale (NPRAS). Findings revealed a high prevalence of retirement anxiety (78.4%), with financial preparedness (82.6%) and social alienation (74.2%) being the most prominent dimensions. Demographic factors such as age, gender, educational level, and years of service significantly influenced anxiety levels, with older employees and those with lower educational attainment reporting higher anxiety. Proactive personality traits and participation in retirement planning programs were associated with reduced anxiety. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions, including comprehensive retirement education and financial planning initiatives, to mitigate pre-retirement anxiety. Recommendations include policy reforms to enhance pension schemes and psychosocial support systems for local government employees. This research contributes to understanding retirement-related psychological challenges in a Nigerian context, offering insights for stakeholders to foster a smoother transition for retirees.
Pre-retirement anxiety, local government employees, financial preparedness, social alienation, retirement planning
Copyright (c) 2025 Onor Etta Egene (Author)
BUILDING ATTITUDES AND MOTIVATION IN UNDERGRADUATES: THE ROLE OF LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS) IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Learning Management Systems (LMS) have emerged as transformative tools in higher education, fostering student engagement and motivation through interactive and accessible learning environments. This study investigates the role of LMS in shaping undergraduates’ attitudes and motivation in Cross River State, Nigeria, a region navigating educational modernization amidst infrastructural challenges. Employing a mixed-methods approach, primary data were collected via surveys and focus group discussions with 200 undergraduates and 40 faculty members across three institutions: University of Calabar, Cross River University of Technology, and Arthur Jarvis University. Findings indicate that LMS platforms, such as Moodle and Google Classroom, significantly enhance student motivation, self-directed learning, and positive attitudes toward education, with 78% of students reporting improved engagement. However, barriers like unreliable internet and limited digital literacy impede optimal use. Demographic analysis reveals a participant pool of 55% male and 45% female students, aged 18–25, with faculty showing varied LMS proficiency. The study highlights the need for robust infrastructure, tailored training, and inclusive LMS design to maximize impact. Recommendations include policy-driven investments in digital connectivity and faculty development programs to sustain LMS adoption. This research underscores LMS as a catalyst for educational transformation in Cross River State, offering a scalable model for enhancing undergraduate learning experiences in Nigeria.
Learning Management System, Undergraduate Education, Student Motivation, Attitudes, Digital Learning
Copyright (c) 2025 Eteng Ifere Okoi (Author)
LEVERAGING PBWORKS TO FOSTER COLLABORATIVE WRITING SKILLS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE IN FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, UGEP, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study explores the efficacy of PBworks, a web-based collaborative platform, in enhancing collaborative writing skills among undergraduate students at Federal Polytechnic, Ugep, Cross River State, Nigeria. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the research engaged 80 undergraduates from diverse academic disciplines in a 12-week intervention. The experimental group used PBworks for collaborative writing tasks, while the control group employed traditional face-to-face methods. Data were collected through pre- and post-intervention writing assessments, focus group discussions, and surveys. Findings revealed a significant improvement in the experimental group’s writing proficiency (MD = 16.72, t(78) = 7.124, p < .05) and collaborative skills, with enhanced peer interaction and feedback quality. Demographic analysis indicated no significant influence of gender or age on outcomes, though academic discipline moderately affected engagement levels. The study underscores PBworks’ potential to foster collaborative learning in resource-constrained settings, recommending its integration into Nigerian polytechnic curricula to enhance writing skills and teamwork. Limitations include technological access barriers and the study’s single-institution focus. Future research should explore longitudinal impacts and scalability across diverse institutions.
PB works, collaborative writing, undergraduate students, quasi-experimental design, writing skills, technology-enhanced learning
Copyright (c) 2025 Emumejakpor E. Odir (Author)
INTEGRATING SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION: PIONEERING SMART PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
The fusion of simulation technology into architectural education heralds a paradigm shift, empowering students to engage with dynamic, immersive design processes that mirror real-world complexities. This study investigates the integration of simulation tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and virtual reality (VR) in architectural education within Cross River State, Nigeria, a region poised for educational innovation. Employing a mixed-methods approach, primary data were gathered through surveys and interviews with 180 architecture students and 40 faculty members across three institutions. Results indicate that simulation technologies significantly enhance design visualization, interdisciplinary collaboration, and critical thinking, yet face barriers like limited infrastructure and technical expertise. Demographic analysis reveals a participant pool of 65% male and 35% female students, primarily aged 20–24, and faculty with diverse technological proficiency. Challenges include unreliable power supply and high software costs, necessitating strategic interventions. The study proposes a framework for smart pedagogy, advocating curriculum redesign, faculty training, and public-private partnerships to bolster digital infrastructure. This research positions Cross River State as a potential leader in technology-driven architectural education in Nigeria, fostering graduates equipped for global practice.
Simulation Technology, Architectural Education, Building Information Modeling, Virtual Reality, Smart Pedagogy
Copyright (c) 2025 Ekom Francis Eterm (Author)
ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL MEDIA ON ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RURAL STUDENTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the influence of digital media on English language comprehension among rural secondary school students in Cross River State, Nigeria, comparing those with access to digital media to those without. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through English comprehension tests, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews from 300 Senior Secondary School (SSS) students across six rural schools. The sample comprised 150 students with regular digital media exposure (via smartphones and social media platforms) and 150 with minimal or no exposure. Findings reveal that students with digital media access scored significantly higher (M = 72.4, SD = 8.3) in comprehension tests compared to their counterparts (M = 58.7, SD = 9.1), with a t-value of 4.87 (p < .001). Qualitative insights indicate that digital media exposure enhances vocabulary acquisition and contextual understanding but is hindered by limited internet access and low digital literacy. The study underscores the potential of digital media to bridge educational gaps in rural settings while highlighting infrastructural challenges. Recommendations include integrating digital literacy into curricula and improving rural internet connectivity to maximize educational benefits.
Digital media, English language comprehension, rural students, digital literacy, educational technology
Copyright (c) 2025 Kota Oden Ebri (Author)
CASH FLOW FORECASTING SKILLS AND SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT: EMPIRICAL STUDY OF SMES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are pivotal to economic development in Nigeria, yet their sustainability is often hampered by poor financial management, particularly inadequate cash flow forecasting skills. This study investigates the impact of cash flow forecasting skills on the development of SMEs in Cross River State, Nigeria, using a cross-sectional survey design. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires from 400 SME operators in Calabar Metropolis, employing stratified and accidental sampling techniques. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including regression analysis, were used to analyze the data. Findings reveal that proficiency in cash flow forecasting significantly enhances SME performance, with a positive correlation (r = 0.62, p < 0.05) between forecasting skills and business growth metrics such as profitability and liquidity. The study identifies key demographic characteristics of participants, predominantly female (58%) and aged 26–35 (42%), with secondary education as the highest attainment for 53%. Challenges such as limited financial literacy and inadequate training were noted. Recommendations include targeted financial literacy programs and government-supported training to bolster forecasting skills among SME operators. These findings underscore the critical role of cash flow forecasting in fostering sustainable SME growth in developing economies.
Cash flow forecasting, SMEs, financial management, business development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Clement Eteng Otu (Author)
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC POLARIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL MINDSET AMONG YOUTH IN UGEP, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Economic polarization, characterized by widening income disparities, poses significant challenges to fostering entrepreneurial mindsets among youth in developing regions. This study investigates how economic polarization influences the entrepreneurial mindset of youth in Ugep, Cross River State, Nigeria, a region marked by socioeconomic inequalities. Using a descriptive survey design, primary data were collected through structured questionnaires from 300 youths aged 18–35, selected via stratified random sampling. The study employed the Theory of Planned Behavior to assess entrepreneurial intention, self-efficacy, and perceived behavioral control. Findings reveal that economic polarization significantly hampers entrepreneurial mindset development, with 62% of respondents citing limited access to financial resources as a primary barrier. Youth from lower-income brackets exhibited lower entrepreneurial self-efficacy (M = 2.8, SD = 0.7) compared to their higher-income counterparts (M = 3.5, SD = 0.6). Regression analysis indicated that economic disparity negatively predicts entrepreneurial intention (β = -0.42, p < 0.01). The study underscores the need for targeted interventions, such as accessible microfinance and entrepreneurship education, to bridge economic divides and foster entrepreneurial aspirations. Recommendations include policy reforms to enhance financial inclusion and localized training programs to empower disadvantaged youth. This research contributes to understanding the socioeconomic dynamics shaping entrepreneurial ecosystems in rural Nigeria.
Economic polarization, entrepreneurial mindset, youth, entrepreneurship education, financial access
Copyright (c) 2025 Patience Ekpo Bassey (Author)
ADULT LITERACY AND HEALTH-PROMOTING BEHAVIORS IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the relationship between adult literacy and health-promoting behaviors in rural communities of Cross River State, Nigeria, where low literacy and poor health outcomes persist. Despite global evidence linking literacy to better health practices, rural Nigeria faces challenges like limited access to education and healthcare. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected via questionnaires from 400 adults aged 18–60 across 10 rural communities in Ogoja and Obudu Local Government Areas. Findings show that 58% of participants had basic literacy skills, but only 42% engaged in consistent health-promoting behaviors like regular medical check-ups or balanced diets. Literacy levels significantly correlated with health practices (r = 0.67, p < 0.05), with higher literacy linked to better hygiene and preventive care. Barriers included inadequate health education (75%) and limited access to healthcare facilities (82%). Qualitative insights revealed cultural beliefs and economic constraints as additional hurdles. The study recommends integrating literacy programs with health education, leveraging community-based interventions, and improving healthcare infrastructure. These findings underscore the transformative potential of literacy in fostering health-promoting behaviors, offering a pathway to enhance rural well-being.
Adult Literacy, Health-promoting Behaviors, Rural Communities, Health Education, Healthcare Access
Copyright (c) 2025 Patience Moses Ayo (Author)
AUTHORITARIAN DEMOCRACY AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA, 2007 – 2023
The examination of liberal democracy co-existing with competitive authoritarianism in Nigeria relies on Democratic Peace Theory that explains how democratic institutions based on shared institutional frameworks and democratic values ensure peaceful relations. According to the core premise of the Democratic Peace Theory, these regimes stabilize their position through electoral liberalization while providing a measure of satisfaction to the opposition. The research adopts Analytical Design with documentary analysis to collect historical data from tables and media documents using descriptive methods that combine inductive and deductive approaches. The method analyzes several research elements to investigate Nigeria's democratic transformation from 1999 to 2023 specifically targeting both electoral improvements and the absorption of political opposition. Findings reveal that the practice of competitive authoritarianism during the years 2007 under Yar’Adua and 2023 under Tinubu has brought about internal peace through its inclusion of opposition forces in governance by distributing important appointments throughout different political parties. The 2022 Electoral Act along with other electoral reforms expanded voter participation through a large registered voting base yet did not eliminate electoral fraud because authoritarian tendencies remain strong. The hybrid system maintains control through elite balance to prevent anarchic conditions whereas Buhari demonstrated a complete lack of democratic practice during his eight years by rejecting all opposition and using brute military experience to exert force. The study recommends the modification of Nigeria’s political/democratic structure to make citizen needs more important than preserving the current regime. A national unity government which includes required opposition participation through designated positions would weaken competitive authoritarianism therefore strengthening authentic democratic societal institutions. The increased number of democracies worldwide since 1975 (from 44 to more than 150 by 2004) does not resolve Nigeria's challenges in creating a democratic system that integrates Western ideals with African communal values because of its complex cultural situation.
Democracy, Competitive Authoritarianism, Democratic Peace Theory, Political Development
Copyright (c) 2025 Leonard Ifeanyi, Jr. Ugwu, Michael I. Ugwueze (Author)
MEASURING ADMINISTRATIVE SKILLS IN PUBLIC TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN CROSS RIVER STATE: IMPLICATION FOR EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE AND SERVICE DELIVERY
Effective governance and service delivery in public tertiary institutions hinge on robust administrative skills, yet their measurement remains underexplored in developing contexts like Nigeria. This study investigates administrative skills among administrators in public tertiary institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria, and their implications for governance and service delivery. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, primary data were collected through surveys and interviews with 200 administrators and 50 academic staff across three institutions. Findings reveal that while administrators exhibit moderate proficiency in communication and financial management (mean scores: 3.8 and 3.6), skills in ICT and strategic planning lag (mean scores: 2.9 and 3.1). Demographic analysis shows a predominantly male (65%) and middle-aged (35–50 years) participant pool, with varying experience levels. Key challenges include inadequate training and outdated infrastructure, hindering effective service delivery. The study highlight that strong administrative skills correlate with improved governance outcomes, such as timely service delivery and stakeholder satisfaction. Recommendations include mandatory ICT training, investment in digital infrastructure, and policy reforms to enhance administrative capacity. This research provides a framework for assessing and strengthening administrative competencies, positioning Cross River State’s institutions as models for effective governance in Nigeria’s higher education sector.
Administrative Skills, Public Tertiary Institutions, Governance, Service Delivery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Godwin Okon Arikpo (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE PROLIFERATION AND SOCIO-POLITICAL RAMIFICATIONS OF MISINFORMATION IN CROSS RIVER STATE: A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF ITS IMPACT ON CIVIC ENGAGEMENT AND ELECTORAL PARTICIPATION
This study investigates the proliferation of misinformation in Cross River State, Nigeria, and its socio-political ramifications on civic engagement and electoral participation. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, primary data were collected through surveys and focus group discussions with 500 participants across urban and rural demographics. Findings reveal that misinformation, primarily disseminated through social media platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook, significantly undermines trust in electoral institutions, fuels ethnic and religious tensions, and suppresses voter turnout. Approximately 68% of respondents reported encountering false information during the 2023 elections, with 45% indicating it influenced their voting decisions. Young voters (18–35 years) and those with lower educational attainment were most susceptible. The study highlights how misinformation exacerbates political apathy, discourages civic participation, and threatens democratic integrity. Recommendations include enhancing digital literacy programs, strengthening regulatory frameworks for social media, and fostering inclusive civic education to bolster electoral trust and participation. This research contributes to understanding misinformation’s role in shaping democratic processes in Nigeria’s diverse socio-political landscape.
Misinformation, Civic Engagement, Electoral Participation, social media, Democracy, Digital Literacy
Copyright (c) 2025 Alice Mbang Akpama (Author)
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS OF RESEARCH BEHAVIORS AMONG ACADEMICS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study explores the demographic determinants influencing research behaviors among academics in tertiary institutions in Cross River State, Nigeria. Utilizing a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 384 academics across universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that age, gender, educational level, academic rank, and institutional type significantly shape research productivity, collaboration, and dissemination practices. Younger academics (aged 30–40) and those with doctoral degrees exhibited higher research output, while gender disparities showed male academics publishing more frequently than females. Institutional support, such as access to research facilities and funding, also emerged as a critical factor. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions to address gender inequities and enhance research infrastructure to boost academic productivity. Recommendations include capacity-building programs, gender-sensitive policies, and increased funding to foster a vibrant research culture. These findings contribute to understanding the dynamics of research behaviors in resource-constrained settings, offering insights for policymakers and institutional leaders.
Research Behaviors, Demographic Determinants, Academics, Tertiary Institutions, Research Productivity, Gender Disparities
Copyright (c) 2025 Abayomi .I Akintola (Author)
ASSESSING BIM PROFICIENCY LEVELS AMONG ARCHITECTURAL PROFESSIONALS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is transforming the global architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, yet its adoption in developing contexts like Nigeria remains nascent. This study assesses the proficiency levels of architectural professionals in Cross River State, Nigeria, exploring their awareness, skills, and barriers to effective BIM implementation. Using a quantitative survey approach, primary data were collected from 120 registered architects via structured questionnaires. Findings reveal moderate awareness (65%) but low proficiency in advanced BIM dimensions (4D–7D), with only 12% demonstrating practical expertise. Key barriers include inadequate training (RII=0.89), high software costs (RII=0.87), and limited IT infrastructure (RII=0.85). Demographically, 68% of participants were male, 72% aged 26–40, and 55% had 5–10 years of experience. The study highlights a significant gap between basic CAD proficiency and advanced BIM capabilities, underscoring the need for targeted training and policy support. Recommendations include integrating BIM into university curricula, establishing subsidized training centers, and enforcing BIM standards by professional bodies. This research provides a foundation for enhancing BIM adoption in Nigeria’s AEC sector, contributing to sustainable construction practices.
Building Information Modelling, BIM proficiency, architectural professionals, industry, training, barriers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Koton Okri Abam, (Author)
LEVERAGING INVENTORY MANAGEMENT TO OPTIMIZE FINANCIAL HEALTH IN SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Effective inventory management is pivotal for optimizing the financial health of small business enterprises (SBEs), particularly in resource-constrained regions like Cross River State, Nigeria. This study investigates how inventory management practices influence financial outcomes such as profitability, liquidity, and cost efficiency among SBEs in this region. Using a primary data collection approach, data were gathered via structured questionnaires from 150 SBE owners/managers across Calabar, Ikom, and Ogoja, selected through stratified random sampling. The study employs descriptive and inferential statistics, including regression analysis, to assess the relationship between inventory management techniques (e.g., Just-In-Time, Economic Order Quantity) and financial health indicators. Results reveal that SBEs adopting systematic inventory practices report a 15% higher profit margin and 20% improved cash flow compared to those with ad hoc approaches. Challenges such as inadequate technology, limited training, and supply chain disruptions were identified as barriers to effective inventory management. The study aligns with the Resource-Based View (RBV) theory, positing that inventory, as a strategic resource, enhances competitive advantage when efficiently managed. Recommendations include government-subsidized training programs, adoption of affordable inventory software, and strengthened local supply chains to bolster SBE financial stability. This research contributes to the limited literature on inventory management in Nigeria’s SBEs, offering actionable insights for policymakers and entrepreneurs aiming to enhance economic resilience in Cross River State.
Inventory Management, Financial Health, Small Business Enterprises, Profitability, Liquidity, Primary Data
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel Monday Uduehe (Author)
LEVERAGING TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE (TEK) IN SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL PRACTICES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) represents a cumulative body of wisdom developed by indigenous communities through generations of interaction with their environment. This study explores how TEK can be leveraged for sustainable environmental practices in Cross River State, Nigeria, a region rich in biodiversity yet facing ecological degradation due to deforestation, climate change, and unsustainable land use. Using primary data collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation with 150 participants from three communities (Obanliku, Akamkpa, and Calabar South), the research identifies TEK practices such as sacred grove conservation, rotational farming, and taboo-based resource management. Findings reveal that these practices enhance biodiversity conservation, soil fertility, and community resilience. However, challenges including modernization, land tenure conflicts, and erosion of cultural knowledge threaten TEK’s efficacy. The study employs a cultural ecology theoretical framework to analyze the interplay between human practices and environmental sustainability. A comprehensive literature review situates the research within global and regional TEK scholarship, highlighting its relevance to sustainable development goals (SDGs). Recommendations include integrating TEK into state environmental policies, documenting indigenous knowledge, and fostering community-led conservation initiatives. This study underscores TEK’s potential as a cost-effective, culturally resonant tool for sustainable environmental management in Cross River State.
Traditional Ecological Knowledge, sustainability, environmental practices, biodiversity conservation, indigenous communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 James Uba Uba (Author)
EXPLORING DIGITAL DISTRUST AS A DETERMINANT OF ONLINE TRANSACTION ACCEPTANCE AMONG ADULTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the role of digital distrust as a determinant of online transaction acceptance among adults in Cross River State, Nigeria, a region characterized by growing internet penetration yet persistent skepticism toward digital platforms. Digital distrust, encompassing fears of privacy breaches, fraud, and system unreliability, is hypothesized to significantly hinder the adoption of online transactions. Using a primary data collection method, a structured questionnaire was administered to 400 adults aged 18–60 across urban and rural areas of Cross River State. The study employs the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) extended with digital distrust as a theoretical framework. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Findings reveal that digital distrust negatively impacts perceived usefulness (β = -0.42, p < 0.01) and perceived ease of use (β = -0.38, p < 0.01), subsequently reducing behavioral intention to use online transactions (R² = 0.56). Notably, 68% of respondents expressed concerns about data security, with rural participants exhibiting higher distrust levels (mean = 4.12) than urban counterparts (mean = 3.45). The study highlights the mediating role of trust-building mechanisms, such as transparent policies and digital literacy programs, in mitigating distrust. Recommendations include targeted interventions by policymakers and e-commerce platforms to enhance trust through education and robust security measures. This research contributes to understanding contextual barriers to digital adoption in developing economies
Digital Distrust, Online Transactions, Technology Acceptance Model, Digital Literacy, Trust-Building.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amba Esija Njar (Author)
ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CONSUMER GOODS COMPANIES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the influence of fair value accounting (FVA) on the financial performance of consumer goods companies in Cross River State, Nigeria. Utilizing primary data collected through structured questionnaires from 120 respondents, including accountants, financial managers, and auditors from selected firms, the research examines how FVA impacts key performance indicators such as profitability, return on assets (ROA), and firm value. The study adopts a survey research design and employs regression analysis to test hypotheses. Findings reveal that FVA significantly affects profitability and ROA, having minimal influence on firm value. The results suggest that while FVA enhances transparency and relevance in financial reporting, its application in an emerging market like Nigeria faces challenges like market illiquidity and valuation complexities. The study recommends that consumer goods companies in Cross River State adopt hybrid valuation models and invest in capacity building to improve FVA implementation. These findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in developing economies.
Fair Value Accounting, Financial Performance, Consumer Goods Companies, Return on Assets
Copyright (c) 2025 Ubi Ebri Eno (Author)
EVALUATING STUDENT ENGAGEMENT AND COMPREHENSION IN DIVERSE ONLINE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
The rapid adoption of online learning in Nigeria has highlighted disparities in educational access and outcomes. This study evaluates student engagement and comprehension in online learning environments across urban and rural secondary schools in Cross River State, Nigeria, aiming to identify barriers and propose solutions for equitable education. Grounded in connectivism a theory emphasizing networked learning through digital connections the research investigates how technological and pedagogical factors influence learning outcomes in a context marked by socioeconomic and infrastructural variability. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing primary data collected via structured surveys from 250 students and 60 teachers in 10 schools, selected through stratified random sampling to reflect urban (Calabar) and rural (Obudu, Yakurr) diversity. The method included Likert-scale questions and descriptive statistical analysis to measure engagement and comprehension metrics. Findings reveal an average engagement rate of 62% (mean 3.1) and comprehension of 58% (mean 2.9), with urban students outperforming rural peers (70% vs. 54% engagement; 65% vs. 48% comprehension). Key barriers include poor internet connectivity (68%), limited device access (52%), and inadequate teacher ICT skills (60%), disproportionately affecting rural areas. The study concludes that while online learning is feasible, its efficacy is curtailed by infrastructure and training deficits, widening the digital divide. Recommendations include government investment in broadband expansion, teacher ICT training, and device subsidies to enhance engagement and comprehension, ensuring inclusive education in Cross River State.
Online Learning, Student Engagement, Comprehension, Connectivism, Digital divide
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeniyi Daniels Adebayo, James Uba Uba (Author)
THE DYNAMICS OF SELF-REGULATED LEARNING AND ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS IN CHEMISTRY ACHIEVEMENT IN SCHOOLS IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA
Self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies are essential for academic success, particularly in challenging subjects like chemistry. Understanding how these strategies and students’ attitudes influence chemistry achievement can inform educational practices and policies. This study investigates the dynamics of self-regulated learning and attitudes of students in chemistry achievement in secondary A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving 400 senior secondary school students from various schools in South-South Nigeria. Participants completed a structured questionnaire that included the Self-Regulated Learning Strategies (SRLS) scale and the Chemistry Attitude Scale (CAS). Additionally, focus group discussions were conducted to gain deeper insights into students’ attitudes and learning strategies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between self-regulated learning strategies and chemistry achievement (r = 0.52, p < 0.01). Students who frequently used SRL strategies, such as goal setting, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation, demonstrated higher achievement in chemistry. Attitudes towards chemistry also played a crucial role, with a positive attitude significantly enhancing the effectiveness of SRL strategies (r = 0.47, p < 0.01). The regression analysis indicated that SRL strategies and attitudes together accounted for 35% of the variance in chemistry achievement (R² = 0.35, p < 0.01). The study highlights the importance of fostering self-regulated learning strategies and positive attitudes towards chemistry to improve student achievement. Educational interventions should focus on training students in effective SRL techniques and promoting a positive learning environment. Policymakers and educators in South-South Nigeria should consider these factors to enhance chemistry education and overall academic performance.
Self-regulated learning, chemistry achievement, student attitudes, secondary education, South-South Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2024 Wisdom James Owo (Author)
EXPLORING THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS ANXIETY IN STUDENTS’ COMMITMENT TO SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE NIGER DELTA
Mathematics anxiety is a prevalent concern that impedes the academic achievement and overall welfare of numerous students at all educational levels on a global scale. The presence of anxiety can impede the attainment of mathematical proficiency and result in a lack of interest or involvement in the discipline. Nevertheless, with the implementation of various tactics aimed at managing mathematics anxiety, fostering student engagement, and cultivating resilience, educators and policymakers possess the ability to assist students in surmounting these obstacles and attaining success in the realm of mathematical education. This study explores the relationship between mathematics anxiety, engagement and resilience by discussing causes and consequences based on literature findings, and proposes effective techniques for managing these factors to improve mathematical performance.
Mathematics anxiety; engagement; resilience; mathematics achievement
Copyright (c) 2024 Uyohdu Amekauma Victor-Edema (Author)